In Newton's time, gravity was a force. Then Einstein came and said it wasn't. Who's correct? What is a force, exactly?

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Nick Lucid - Host, Writer, Editor, Animator
Em Lucid - Producer
Alexis Dahl - Content Consultant
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VIDEO ANNOTATIONS/CARDS

Computers and Logic Gates:
https://youtu.be/sgVosaLhPV0
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HUGE THANK YOU TO THESE SUPPORTERS

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Einsteinium Crazies:
A.C. S., Benjamin Sharef, Dan Sullivan, Eoin O'Sullivan, Jonathan Lima, Joseph Salomone, Kevin Flanagan, Matias Cveczilberg

Plutonium Crazies:
Al Davis, Compuart, Kevin MacLean, Rick Myers

Platinum Crazies:
Clayton Bruckert, David Johnston, E. W. Darbyshire, JJS, Jonathan Reel, Li-Ce Hu, Marino Hernandez, Mr. Orn Jonasar, Ulrich
________________________________
SOURCES

Newton's Principia (English):
https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Mathematical_Principles_of_Natural_Philosophy_(1846)

Newton's Principia (Latin):
https://books.google.com/books?id=XJwx0lnKvOgC

Google Books Ngram Viewer:
https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=Force&year_start=1500&year_end=2022&corpus=en&smoothing=0&case_insensitive=false

Words and Translations:
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/force
https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=force
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fortis
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vis
________________________________
AFFILIATE LINKS TO BOOK SOURCES

"The Principia: The Authoritative Translation and Guide"
by Sir Isaac Newton (Author), I. Bernard Cohen (Translator), & Anne Whitman (Translator)
https://amzn.to/45brE3G

FTC Disclosure: These are affiliate links, which means I may receive a commission for purchases made through my links.
________________________________
LINKS TO COMMENTS

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sgVosaLhPV0&lc=UgwUokCtztWyBq4E4rF4AaABAg
________________________________
IMAGE/VIDEO CREDITS

Space Shuttle Launch:
https://images.nasa.gov/details-NHQ_2021_0708_NASA's%20Final%20Space%20Shuttle%20Launch%2010th%20Anniversary%20Replay

The Principia Cover:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Prinicipia-title.png

Portraits:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Sir_Isaac_Newton,_1689_(brightened).jpg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:08608_einstein_1916.jpg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:David_Hilbert_postcard.png
________________________________
TIME CODES

00:00 Intro
00:23 Newton's Laws
00:43 Inertial vs Non-Inertial
02:03 What is a Force?
02:29 Albert Einstein and David Hilbert
02:38 General Relativity
03:36 Is Gravity a Force?
04:26 Lost in Translation
06:33 Closing Thoughts
07:21 Featured Comment

All computers throughout history have always functioned because of one simple device: a switch.

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Nick Lucid - Host, Writer, Editor, Animator
Em Lucid - Producer
Alexis Dahl - Content Consultant
________________________________
SUPPORT THE SCIENCE ASYLUM

Patreon:
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Advanced Theoretical Physics (Paperback):
https://www.lulu.com/shop/nick-lucid/advanced-theoretical-physics-a-historical-perspective/paperback/product-24250687.html

Advanced Theoretical Physics (eBook):
https://gumroad.com/l/ubSc

Merchandise:
http://shop.spreadshirt.com/scienceasylum/
________________________________
HUGE THANK YOU TO THESE SUPPORTERS

Asylum Orderlies:
Chloë Joan López, Dhruv Singhal, James Smith, Joel Wolhendler, Peter Engrav

Einsteinium Crazies:
A.C. S., Benjamin Sharef, Dan Sullivan, Eoin O'Sullivan, Jonathan Lima, Joseph Salomone, Kevin Flanagan, Matias Cveczilberg, William Hutchison

Plutonium Crazies:
Al Davis, Compuart, Kevin MacLean, Rick Myers

Platinum Crazies:
Christopher Bennett, Clayton Bruckert, David Johnston, E. W. Darbyshire, Ishay Oz, Jonathan Reel, Li-Ce Hu, Marino Hernandez, Mr. Orn Jonasar, Ulrich
________________________________
SOURCES

https://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/1940/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor_count
https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/definition/logic-gate-AND-OR-XOR-NOT-NAND-NOR-and-XNOR
https://www.101computing.net/binary-additions-using-logic-gates/
https://www.101computing.net/binary-subtraction-using-logic-gates/
________________________________
LINKS TO COMMENTS

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7DtrY54F3AY&lc=Ugxv4pXLmrLXSrJ0iBh4AaABAg
________________________________
IMAGE/VIDEO CREDITS

ENIAC:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Glen_Beck_and_Betty_Snyder_program_the_ENIAC_in_building_328_at_the_Ballistic_Research_Laboratory.jpg

Vacuum Tubes:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Early_triode_vacuum_tube_collection.jpg

Transistors:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:BC546B_transistor_(01).jpg
________________________________
TIME CODES

00:00 Intro
00:41 Switches
01:21 Binary Numbers
02:17 Binary Addition
02:53 Vacuum Tubes
03:59 Truth Table: Addition
05:13 Carry-Over Check
05:49 Sum Check
06:33 Logic Gates
07:27 Binary Subtraction
08:30 Binary Multiplication
09:01 Transistors
09:13 Closing Thoughts
09:58 Featured Comment

The Schrodinger's cat experiment is the source of many arguments in quantum mechanics, mostly because that was the whole point of it.

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https://nebula.tv/equilibriumfx

Nick Lucid - Host, Writer, Editor, Animator
Em Lucid - Producer
________________________________
VIDEO ANNOTATIONS/CARDS

Spacetime Visualized:
https://youtu.be/LMRJ96MTGWA
________________________________
RELATED YOUTUBE VIDEOS

Schrodinger's Equation:
https://youtu.be/LFC2HsT6Bh4

Quantum Superposition:
https://youtu.be/ZUipVyVOm-Y
________________________________
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Advanced Theoretical Physics (eBook):
https://gumroad.com/l/ubSc

Merchandise:
http://shop.spreadshirt.com/scienceasylum/
________________________________
HUGE THANK YOU TO THESE SUPPORTERS

Asylum Counselors:
Joe K. Kim

Asylum Orderlies:
Chloë Joan López, Dhruv Singhal, James Smith, Joel Wolhendler, Medec Hurtz, Peter Engrav

Einsteinium Crazies:
A.C. S., Benjamin Sharef, Dan Sullivan, Eoin O'Sullivan, Jonathan Lima, Joseph Salomone, Kevin Flanagan, Matias Cveczilberg, William Hutchison

Plutonium Crazies:
Al Davis, Compuart, Ellis Hall, Kevin MacLean, Rick Myers

Platinum Crazies:
Christopher Bennett, Clayton Bruckert, David Johnston, Ishay Oz, Jonathan Reel, Li-Ce Hu, Marino Hernandez, Mr. Orn Jonasar, Ulrich
________________________________
SOURCES

Schrodinger's Paper:
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01491891

Feynman Quote:
https://www.feynmanlectures.caltech.edu/messenger.html
https://www.feynmanlectures.caltech.edu/fml.html#6

Larger Scale Quantum Experiments:
https://news.mit.edu/2019/single-quantum-vibration-normal-1007
https://phys.org/news/2024-01-quantum-nature-large-masses.html
https://www.quantamagazine.org/how-big-can-the-quantum-world-be-physicists-probe-the-limits-20210818/
________________________________
LINKS TO COMMENTS

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LMRJ96MTGWA&lc=UgxHgJTKjEVVnI0PNDp4AaABAg
________________________________
IMAGE/VIDEO CREDITS

Portraits:
https://repository.aip.org/informal-portrait-erwin-schrodinger-3
https://repository.aip.org/feynman-candid-0
________________________________
TIME CODES

00:00 Intro
00:47 Schrodinger's Cat History
01:49 Scale vs Isolation
03:15 What is a Quantum Observation?
05:00 Human Intuitions Don't Work
05:32 Why is Quantum Mechanics hard?
06:04 Closing Thoughts
06:21 Featured Comments

Spacetime is the idea that the universe is 4-dimensional, but what exactly is a dimension? Let's get figure it out by making a better spacetime diagram.

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https://nebula.tv/videos/scienceasylum-what-is-spacetime-exactly

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Nick Lucid - Host, Writer, Editor, Animator
Em Lucid - Producer
________________________________
VIDEO ANNOTATIONS/CARDS

What Everyone Gets Wrong About E=mc²:
https://youtu.be/HK6IIZ9jqfo

Gregor Mendel Biography:
https://youtu.be/JkPpArU5RPQ
________________________________
SUPPORT THE SCIENCE ASYLUM

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Advanced Theoretical Physics (eBook):
https://gumroad.com/l/ubSc

Merchandise:
http://shop.spreadshirt.com/scienceasylum/
________________________________
HUGE THANK YOU TO THESE SUPPORTERS

Asylum Counselors:
Joe K. Kim

Asylum Orderlies:
Chloë Joan López, Dhruv Singhal, James Smith, Joel Wolhendler, Medec Hurtz, Peter Engrav

Einsteinium Crazies:
A.C. S., Benjamin Sharef, Dan Sullivan, Eoin O'Sullivan, Jonathan Lima, Joseph Salomone, Kevin Flanagan, Matias Cveczilberg, William Hutchison

Plutonium Crazies:
Al Davis, Compuart, Ellis Hall, Kevin MacLean, Rick Myers

Platinum Crazies:
Christopher Bennett, Clayton Bruckert, David Johnston, Ishay Oz, Jonathan Reel, Li-Ce Hu, Marino Hernandez, Mr. Orn Jonasar, Ulrich
________________________________
SOURCES

Minkowski Papers:

"The Fundamental Equations for Electromagnetic Processes in Moving Bodies"
(English) https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Translation:The_Fundamental_Equations_for_Electromagnetic_Processes_in_Moving_Bodies
(German) https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/Die_Grundgleichungen_f%C3%BCr_die_elektromagnetischen_Vorg%C3%A4nge_in_bewegten_K%C3%B6rpern

"Space and Time"
(English) https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Space_and_Time_(Prasad)
(German) https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/Raum_und_Zeit_(Minkowski)

"The Relativity Principle"
(German PAYWALLED) https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/andp.19153521505
________________________________
LINKS TO COMMENTS

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JkPpArU5RPQ&lc=UgxM9E8SWlexbfmsTNZ4AaABAg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JkPpArU5RPQ&lc=Ugy4miD0k1b-D2-_aQZ4AaABAg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JkPpArU5RPQ&lc=Ugz7UO1QH2M4M4iV-wl4AaABAg
________________________________
IMAGE/VIDEO CREDITS

Portraits:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Einstein_patentoffice_full.jpg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hermann_Minkowski_Portrait.jpg
________________________________
TIME CODES

00:00 Intro
00:22 Modern Relativity
01:15 What is a Dimension?
02:18 Drawing 4 Dimensions
03:10 Spacetime Diagram
04:01 Minkowski vs Einstein
04:31 Spacetime Events
05:56 Cause and Effect (Causality)
07:01 Closing Thoughts
07:47 Featured Comments

E=mc² is probably the most famous equation ever, and it's repeatedly misunderstood. It's not even the whole equation!

Watch this video ad-free on Nebula:
https://nebula.tv/videos/scienceasylum-what-everyone-gets-wrong-about-emc

Nick Lucid - Host, Writer, Editor, Animator
Em Lucid - Producer
________________________________
VIDEO ANNOTATIONS/CARDS

Stern-Gerlach Experiment:
https://youtu.be/y7tEacBelmk
________________________________
RELATED YOUTUBE VIDEOS

PBS Space Time on E=mc²:
https://youtu.be/Xo232kyTsO0

Minute Physics on E=mc²:
https://youtu.be/hW7DW9NIO9M
________________________________
SUPPORT THE SCIENCE ASYLUM

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Advanced Theoretical Physics (Paperback):
https://www.lulu.com/shop/nick-lucid/advanced-theoretical-physics-a-historical-perspective/paperback/product-24250687.html

Advanced Theoretical Physics (eBook):
https://gumroad.com/l/ubSc

Merchandise:
http://shop.spreadshirt.com/scienceasylum/
________________________________
HUGE THANK YOU TO THESE SUPPORTERS

Asylum Counselors:
Joe K. Kim

Asylum Orderlies:
Chloë Joan López, Dhruv Singhal, James Smith, Joel Wolhendler, Medec Hurtz, Peter Engrav

Einsteinium Crazies:
A.C. S., Benjamin Sharef, Dan Sullivan, Eoin O'Sullivan, Jonathan Lima, Joseph Salomone, Kevin Flanagan, Matias Cveczilberg, Sheila Owen, William Hutchison

Plutonium Crazies:
Al Davis, Compuart, Ellis Hall, Kevin MacLean, Rick Myers, Vid Icarus

Platinum Crazies:
Christopher Bennett, Clayton Bruckert, David Johnston, Ishay Oz, Jonathan Reel, Li-Ce Hu, Marino Hernandez, Mr. Orn Jonasar, Ulrich
________________________________
SOURCES

Einstein's Papers:
https://www.fourmilab.ch/etexts/einstein/specrel/www/
https://www.fourmilab.ch/etexts/einstein/E_mc2/www/

Minkowski's Papers:
https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Translation:The_Fundamental_Equations_for_Electromagnetic_Processes_in_Moving_Bodies
https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Space_and_Time_(Prasad)
https://mathweb.ucsd.edu/~b3tran/cgm/Minkowski_SpaceAndTime_1909.pdf
________________________________
IMAGE/VIDEO CREDITS

Portraits:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Einstein_patentoffice_full.jpg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hermann_Minkowski_Portrait.jpg
________________________________
TIME CODES

00:00 Intro
00:42 What is "Mass"?
01:00 Einstein Version
02:05 Rest Energy
02:35 E=mc² True Meaning
03:24 Minkowski Version
04:44 Careful with the Language
06:32 Both made-up and real
07:49 Equations vs Reality
08:48 Support the Channel
09:28 Featured Comments